Analysis of Seabed Ecosystem Zonation Using Remote Sensing to Support Conservation Strategies on Ketawai Island, Central Bangka

Analisis Zonasi Ekosistem Dasar Laut Berbasis Penginderaan Jauh untuk Mendukung Strategi Konservasi di Pulau Ketawai, Bangka Tengah

Authors

  • Fifin Fitriana Program Studi Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam, Fakultas Teknik dan Sains, Universitas Muhammadiyah Bangka Belitung, Pangkalpinang, Indonesia
  • Eka Altiarika Program Studi Ilmu Komputer, Fakultas Teknik dan Sains, Universitas Muhammadiyah Bangka Belitung, Pangkalpinang, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32502/jgsa.v5i2.894

Keywords:

benthic habitat, coastal management, conservation zoning, Ketawai Island

Abstract

Seabed ecosystems such as coral reefs and seagrass beds play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and supporting the livelihoods of coastal communities. Ketawai Island, located in Central Bangka, harbors rich benthic ecosystems that are currently under pressure from anthropogenic activities such as tin mining, unregulated tourism, and pollution. This study aims to analyze the condition of seabed habitats around Ketawai Island and to develop a conservation zoning framework using a spatial approach. The data used includes Sentinel-2A satellite imagery and 140 sample points analyzed using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. The classification resulted in four substrate classes: rubble/dead coral (39.06%), live coral reefs (34.95%), sand (24.68%), and seagrass (1.31%), with a classification accuracy of 85%, validated using a confusion matrix based on 140 reference points, divided into 70% for training and 30% for validation. The conservation zoning was divided into four categories: core zone (providing full protection for healthy coral and seagrass habitats), rehabilitation zone (for ecosystem restoration), limited-use zone (for educational tourism and research under strict regulation), and buffer zone (as a transitional area to mitigate external pressure and support the sustainability of other zones). This study recommends the protection of remaining coral reefs and seagrass areas, along with restoration efforts in degraded regions. The proposed zoning provides a scientific basis for sustainable coastal management and serves as a strategic approach for adapting to climate change.

References

Adibrata, S., Pengajar, S., Manajemen, J., & Perairan, S. (2013). EVALUASI KONDISI TERUMBU KARANG DI PULAU KETAWAI KABUPATEN BANGKA TENGAH. Jurnal KELAUTAN, 6(1).

Aldyan, R. A., Budiastuti, M. T. S. S., Warto, W., & Wiwik, W. (2023). Impact of Coral Reef Damage Due to Tourism Activities in Karimunjawa National Park. E3S Web of Conferences, 448. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344803063

Ariasari, A., Sugara, A., Lina, N., Nabiu, M., Wardhani, F. I., Agustini, N. T., Nisa, A., & Suci, N. (2022). Karakteristik Habitat Bentik Perairan Dangkal di Desa Banjarsari, Kabupaten Bengkulu Utara (Characteristic of Benthic Habitat Shallow Water in Banjarsari, North Bengkulu Regency). Journal of Aceh Aquatic Science, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.35308/jaas.v6i2.6480

Arum Sari, C., Fachruddin Syah, A., Prayudha, B., Salatalohi, A., Ilmu Kelautan, P., Trunojoyo Madura, U., Penelitian Oseanografi, P., Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia Kontributor utama, L., & anggota, K. (2020). PEMETAAN HABITAT BENTIK MENGGUNAKAN CITRA SATELIT SENTINEL-2A DI PULAU LIKI, PAPUA (BENTHIC HABITAT MAPPING USING SENTINEL-2A SATELLITE IMAGERY ON LIKI ISLAND, PAPUA). Jurnal Penginderaan Jauh Dan Pengolahan Data Citra Digital, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.30536/j.pjpdcd.2020.v17.a3322

Bidayani, E., Kurniawan, K., Anggeraini, L., & ... (2020). Utilization conflict analysis of fisheries resources with tin mining and marine tourism in east coast of Bangka Island. Proceedings of the 13th …. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.23-10-2019.2293011

Curran, A., & Barnard, S. (2021). What is the role of zooxanthellae during coral bleaching? Review of zooxanthellae and their response to environmental stress. In South African Journal of Science (Vol. 117, Issues 7–8). Academy of Science of South Africa. https://doi.org/10.17159/SAJS.2021/8369

Danylchuk, A. J., Griffin, L. P., Ahrens, R., Allen, M. S., Boucek, R. E., Brownscombe, J. W., Casselberry, G. A., Danylchuk, S. C., Filous, A., Goldberg, T. L., Perez, A. U., Rehage, J. S., Santos, R. O., Shenker, J., Wilson, J. E. K., Adams, A. J., & Cooke, S. J. (2023). Cascading effects of climate change on recreational marine flats fishes and fisheries. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 106(2), 381–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-022-01333-6

Developing capacity for a protected planet Guidelines for Applying the IUCN Protected Area Management Categories to Marine Protected Areas. (n.d.). www.iucn.org/pa_guidelines

Dimara, A., Hamuna, B., & Dimara, L. (2020). Pemanfaatan citra satelit Sentinel-2A untuk pemetaan habitat dasar perairan dangkal (Studi Kasus: Teluk Humbolt, Kota Jayapura). Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan Dan Perikanan Papua, 3(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.31957/acr.v3i1.1213

Dwikarsa, Y., & Basith, A. (2021). Benthic habitats classification using multi scale parameters of GEOBIA on orthophoto images of Karimunjawa waters. Communications in Science and Technology, 6(1), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.21924/CST.6.1.2021.332

Fakhrurrozi, Idris, Rizan Ardiansyah, M. B., Muttaqin, A. D., & Mauludiyah. (2025). Assessing benthic habitat distribution in Tunda Island, Banten, Indonesia using Sentinel-2A imagery. BIO Web of Conferences, 168, 05014. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202516805014

Foo, S. A., & Asner, G. P. (2019). Scaling up coral reef restoration using remote sensing technology. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6(MAR). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00079

Ginting, D. N. B., & Arjasakusuma, S. (2021). Pemetaan Lamun Mengunakan Machine Learning Dengan Citra Planetscope Di Nusa Lembongan. Jurnal Kelautan Tropis, 24(3), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v24i3.11180

Grech, A., Chartrand-Miller, K., Erftemeijer, P., Fonseca, M., McKenzie, L., Rasheed, M., Taylor, H., & Coles, R. (2012). A comparison of threats, vulnerabilities and management approaches in global seagrass bioregions. Environmental Research Letters, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024006

Hadi, A. A., & Wicaksono, P. (2021). Accuracy assessment of relative and absolute water column correction methods for benthic habitat mapping in Parang Island. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 686(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/686/1/012034

Harris, J. L., Estradivari, E., Fox, H. E., McCarthy, O. S., & Ahmadia, G. N. (2017). Planning for the future: Incorporating global and local data to prioritize coral reef conservation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 27, 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2810

Hartoni, Siregar, V. P., Wouthuyzen, S., & Agus, S. B. (2022a). Object based classification of benthic habitat using Sentinel 2 imagery by applying with support vector machine and random forest algorithms in shallow waters of Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 23(1), 514–520. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230155

Hartoni, Siregar, V. P., Wouthuyzen, S., & Agus, S. B. (2022b). Object based classification of benthic habitat using Sentinel 2 imagery by applying with support vector machine and random forest algorithms in shallow waters of Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 23(1), 514–520. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230155

Hoek, L. S. van den, & Bayoumi, E. K. (2017). Importance, Destruction and Recovery of Coral Reefs. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 12(02), 59–63. https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-1202025963

Hughes, T. P., Anderson, K. D., Connolly, S. R., Heron, S. F., Kerry, J. T., Lough, J. M., Baird, A. H., Baum, J. K., Berumen, M. L., Bridge, T. C., Claar, D. C., Eakin, C. M., Gilmour, J. P., Graham, N. A. J., Harrison, H., Hobbs, J. P. A., Hoey, A. S., Hoogenboom, M., Lowe, R. J., … Wilson, S. K. (2018). Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science, 359(6371), 80–83. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan8048

Kennedy, E. V., Vercelloni, J., Neal, B. P., Ambariyanto, Bryant, D. E. P., Ganase, A., Gartrell, P., Brown, K., Kim, C. J. S., Hudatwi, M., Hadi, A., Prabowo, A., Prihatinningsih, P., Haryanta, S., Markey, K., Green, S., Dalton, P., Lopez-Marcano, S., Rodriguez-Ramirez, A., … Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (2020). Coral reef community changes in Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia: Assessing the efficacy of management in the face of local and global stressors. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(10), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100760

Kenyon, T. M., Doropoulos, C., Wolfe, K., Webb, G. E., Dove, S., Harris, D., & Mumby, P. J. (2023). Coral rubble dynamics in the Anthropocene and implications for reef recovery. In Limnology and Oceanography (Vol. 68, Issue 1, pp. 110–147). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12254

Lecours, V., Devillers, R., Schneider, D. C., Lucieer, V. L., Brown, C. J., & Edinger, E. N. (2015). Spatial scale and geographic context in benthic habitat mapping: Review and future directions. In Marine Ecology Progress Series (Vol. 535, pp. 259–284). Inter-Research. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11378

Liu, B., Guan, L., & Chen, H. (2021). Detecting 2020 Coral Bleaching Event in the Northwest Hainan Island Using CoralTemp SST and Sentinel-2B MSI Imagery. Remote Sensing, 13(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234948

Muftiadi, M. R., Supratman, O., & Gustomi, A. (2021). Study On Coral Reef Ecosystem Health In The Of Ketawai Island Waters, Central Bangka Regency. 15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33019/akuatik.v15i2.3118

Nandika, M. R., Ulfa, A., Ibrahim, A., & Purwanto, A. D. (2023). Assessing the Shallow Water Habitat Mapping Extracted from High-Resolution Satellite Image with Multi Classification Algorithms. Geomatics and Environmental Engineering, 17(2), 69–87. https://doi.org/10.7494/geom.2023.17.2.69

Neo, M. L., Eckman, W., Vicentuan, K., Teo, S. L. M., & Todd, P. A. (2015). The ecological significance of giant clams in coral reef ecosystems. In Biological Conservation (Vol. 181, pp. 111–123). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.11.004

Nomenisoa, A. L., Todinanahary, G., Edwin, H. Z., Razakarisoa, T., Israel, J. B., Raseta, S., Jaonalison, H., Mahafina, J., & Eeckhaut, I. (2024). Remote sensing of coral reef habitats in Madagascar using Sentinel-2 satellite images. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 23(2), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.4314/wiojms.v23i2.4

Sulaiman, A., Ferdian, K. J., & Akbar, M. Y. (2023). Fighting Over the Bangka Sea: The Tin Mining Conflict in the Marine Area of Bangka Regency. Journal of Governance. http://repository.ubb.ac.id/7768/

Syari, I. A., Nugraha, M. A., & Hudatwi, M. (2022). Dampak Penambangan Timah di Laut Terhadap Ekosistem Terumbu Karang di Pulau Pemuja dan Malang Duyung, Kabupaten Bangka Barat, Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Journal of Tropical Marine Science, 5(1), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.33019/jour.trop.mar.sci.v5i1.2965

Tzotsos, A. (n.d.). A SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE APPROACH FOR OBJECT BASED IMAGE ANALYSIS.

van Woesik, R., & Kratochwill, C. (2022). A global coral-bleaching database, 1980–2020. Scientific Data, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01121-y

Wahidin, N., Siregar, V. P., Nababan, B., Jaya, I., & Wouthuyzen, S. (2015). Object-based Image Analysis for Coral Reef Benthic Habitat Mapping with Several Classification Algorithms. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 24, 222–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.03.029

Woodhead, A. J., Hicks, C. C., Norström, A. V., Williams, G. J., & Graham, N. A. J. (2019). Coral reef ecosystem services in the Anthropocene. Functional Ecology, 33(6), 1023–1034. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13331

Downloads

Published

15-07-2025

Issue

Section

Articles